What is the all that that Robert Graves is referring too Essay Example

What is the all that that Robert Graves is referring too Paper This essay is going to explore Robert Gravess autobiographical novel and detail Robert graves use of the phrase all that and what it may refer too. The phrase all that is very vague and indefinite. All that could refer to so much; things, people, places, even emotions and feelings. In this novel all that could refer to individual things or the novel as a whole, it may even refer to only one thing. That is what I am going to find out and illustrate in this essay. Robert Gravess autobiographical novel Goodbye to All That was first published in 1929, 11 years after the end of World War 1 in which Graves served as a 2nd Lieutenant and was promoted to Captain in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. The work was revised and republished in 1957 removing and changing a great deal of significant material because of complaints, namely from Siegfried Sassoon a great friend and fellow soldier of Graves. Robert Graves states that the objects of writing about his own life at the early age of thirty-three, are simple enough: an opportunity for a formal good-bye to you and to you and to you and to me and to all that; forgetfulness, because once all this has been settled in my mind and written down and published it need never be thought about again. (Jonathan Cape, 1929) This quotation from Robert Graves himself shows why he chose to write his autobiography at a comparatively young age to other auto-biographers. A major part, probably the most major event of his life; the war, had come to an end and he felt that his memories and experiences ought not to be subject to the effects of old age and forgotten, lost in the passages of time. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the all that that Robert Graves is referring too specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the all that that Robert Graves is referring too specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the all that that Robert Graves is referring too specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first section of Robert Gravess novel is about his childhood and mainly his time at various preparatory schools and Charterhouse. Graves was born on July 24th 1895; his earliest memory is of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee in 1897. His family; his mother, his father and nine siblings lived in Wimbledon, His father had five children from a previous marriage and then had five more with Graves mother. He had expressed his dislike for Wimbledon and seemed to enjoy most the spring and summer spent in Harlech in Wales climbing the hills with his sister and best friend Rosaleen. I always considered Wimbledon a wrong place: neither town nor country. The house was at its worst on Wednesday, my mother At Home day.'(pp.32) He attended six different preparatory schools none of which he liked before settling at Charterhouse, which he equally disliked. He does not talk of a happy school experience, he describes a personally very familiar idea of a school where sports were important and those who did not play were looked down upon. He talks of how he had few friends, except those in the poetry club. His first friend at charterhouse, a boy called Raymond Rodakowski, encouraged Graves to box, because he was unable to play football, but he lost this friendship when he found he valued religion more than love. He had one special friendship with a boy referred to as Dick. Graves does not mention any particular significant encounters with Dick but it is commonly believed that Graves had homosexual relations with this boy. Dick and Graves remain in touch throughout most of his time in the trenches; Dicks letters had been my greatest stand-by all these months whenever I felt low; he wrote every week, mostly about poetry. (pp.125) Gravess affection for Dick is obvious and remains for many years, until Dick is arrested for making a certain proposal to a Canadian corporal and Graves convinces himself that Dick is mad. Gravess time at school and his encounters and experiences there are the first all that referred to by Graves. An episode in his life has come to an end in order to begin new one. The second section of Goodbye to All That begins with the war. Graves confesses he enlisted in order to put off going to Oxford; though the papers predicted only a very short warI hoped that it might last long enough to delay my going to Oxford in October, which I dreaded. (pp.68) Graves being half German was lucky to have not been accused of spying or arrested along with other German residents of England, though he did have relatives fighting for Germany. Among these enemy relatives was my cousin Conrad, only son of the German consul at Zurich. (pp.69) This loss of amicable connection with his German family is the second all that for Graves, he recalls his visits to various uncles and cousins in Germany and playing with his cousin Conrad as a child. His German roots are repeatedly referred to throughout the book his mothers maiden name; Von Ranke is used by Graves himself as homage to his German origins. He also mentions how through the war his mother is kept an eye on by the authorities because she is German and writes regularly to her sisters in Germany. Graves does not immediately enter the trenches as a Special Reserve; he spends the early wartime at the depot in Wrexham, before being transferred as 2nd lieutenant on detachment duty to Lancaster. Graves was once proud to be part of the Royal Welch Fusiliers; I used to congratulate myself on having quite blindly chosen the Royal Welch Fusiliers, of all the regiments in the armyThe Royal Welch Fusiliers had twenty-nine battle-honours, a number equalled only by a couple of other two-battalion regiments. (pp.83-84) Graves was sent to France in spring 1915 and was in the trenches to his disappointment with the Second Battalion of the Welsh Regiment. He talks comically of his frost experience in France with use of onomatopoeia such as, bump, crash, flop and buzzing and also of rifle and shell-fire. Later on his writing about trench life becomes more candid, authorities would have found this controversial at the time; soldiers were not allowed to keep diaries or write home about the conditions in trenches. Graves talks warmly of his companions in the trenches mentioning many by name, but deaths and wounds seem inconsequential after time; One can joke with a badly wounded man and congratulate him on being out of it. One can disregard a dead man. But even a miner cant make a joke that sounds like a joke over a man who takes three hours to die, after the top part of his head has been taken off by a bullet fired at twenty yards range (pp.118) Graves talks of pessimism breeding superstition and of strange coincidences in the trenches, for example his predecessor having predicted his own death and Graves himself managing to miss a shell literally by seconds. Graves had an unpleasant but uneventful time in the second battalion of the Royal Welch Fusiliers; the commanding officers were unlikeable and superior. Younger officers such as Graves were referred to as warts and were advised to keep quiet and were not allowed to drink whisky. Graves was wounded by shell-fire and sent home in summer 1916 he was originally thought and reported to have died. During his leave he spent a lot of time with his wartime comrade and fellow poet Siegfried Sassoon. They wrote poetry, played Golf and it was t this time that Graves first began to write about his experiences in France. In January 1917 he was sent back to France. After catching bronchitis and being sent to Oxford he does not return to the trenches, but is content to remain in England recovering, the western front to which he never returned, being his third all that. At the Somerville College hospital he meets various writers, such as Aldous Huxley, Lytton Strachey and Bertrand Russell. He later meets more writers, even H.G. Wells and John Galsworthy. Aldous Huxley, Lytton Strachey, and the Hon. Bertrand Russell were frequent visitorsH.G. Wells, who was Mr Britling in those days and full of military optimismAnd who else? John Galsworthy. (pp. 258-160) He is then moved to a convalescent home at Osborne House, previously Queen Victorias home on the Isle of Wight. Graves quoted Sassoons anti-war statement Finished with the War: A Soldiers Declaration. This troubled Graves as he felt his friend Sassoon was in no condition to be imprisoned, as he surely would be. Graves got himself wrongly declared fit for Home Service and set about doing everything in his power to get Siegfried into Craiglockhart convalescent home in Scotland. Graves accompanied Sassoon to Craiglockhart where the pair met Wilfred Owen. The third section of Robert Gravess autobiography deals with his life post World War 1; his marriage and children. Graves was next sent to serve at home in Wales, where he met Nancy Nicholson whom he married in 1918. After his marriage Graves returned to work in Rhyl where he stayed until the end of the war. Again the end of a significant episode in Gravess life and the beginning of a new one, the war itself being his fourth and most dramatic all that. Gravess first child Jenny was born in January 1919 and the family moved to Brighton. In October 1919 Graves finally went to Oxford after having managed to delay it for 5 years, slightly longer than I expect, he originally intended. Gravess second child David was born in March 1920, to the delight of his mother who had longed for grandson. It comes at this point that Graves meets his old flame Dick again, it was not a well received meeting, Graves saw no longer the boy he had loved but a much changed man. He was up at Oxford, about to enter the diplomatic service, and so greatly changed that it seemed absurd to have ever suffered in his account. (pp. 308) Graves and his wife opened a shop where they lived outside Oxford which was successful at first but eventually had to be sold. The Graves family then moved to Islip and had two more children, Catherine in 1922 and Sam in 1824. Nancy adopted a thirteen year old girl, Daisy, who later leaves with her father. Graves failed to take his final exams after the death of his tutor, but managed to secure a lecturing job in Egypt after his wife through ill health had been recommended to go there where his elder brother, Dick and sister Mollie lived. Nancy and Robert parted in May 1929. Graves suffered from severe shellshock and nightmares; he was haunted by shells and the faces of dead friends. I was still mentally and nervously organized for war; shells used to come bursting on my bed at midnight, even though Nancy shared it with me; strangers in day-time would assume the faces of friends who had been killed I was very thin, very nervous and with about four years loss of sleep to make up. (pp. 298-299) Robert Graves final and complete all that is England and his whole unhappy life from his birth in 1895, through school and the war to the end of his turbulent marriage in 1929 when he moved to Majorca never to return. I went abroad, resolved never to make England my home again; which explains the Goodbye to All That of this title. (pp.356) In conclusion Graves all that does not and can not refer to only one thing the whole book is the all that, and Graves is saying to goodbye to it all. His reason for writing this novel was as I have illustrated in a previous quote so he did not have to think about these disturbing memories anymore but so they were also not forgotten. He did not want to have to go through his worst times in his mind again so he gave them to someone else to worry about; his readers! Gravess early life was so dramatic and so utterly emotional; he lost all hope in humanity, especially in England hence his move to Majorca. Where he married again, had four more children and ended his days a much happier man than he had been in his youth. Despite the great amount of war novels that appeared before 1930 none are as famous or as greatly acclaimed for their honesty as Goodbye to All That. The impact this novel has had on readers for decades has given people a vision of the war that was so terrible, it distressed not only Robert Graves but so many of the people involved and plagued many of them for the remainder of their lives. Goodbye to All That was Robert Graves way of coming to terms with his life experiences, an opportunity that few people had. It was his chance to say leave them behind and say Goodbye, to everything, to his previous life, to all that.

Time for Writing How to Make Time to Write in Your Busy Life

Time for Writing How to Make Time to Write in Your Busy Life Time for Writing: 8 Steps to Become a Weekend Writing Warrior Carving out the time to write a book requires planning, persistence, and at times, a lot of caffeine. Even with all the right elements in place, making time for writing is a major undertaking, especially when your days are filled with commitments to work, family, and social activities. So, you have a dream to write that book, but you’re locked into a schedule that’s keeping you from pursuing your dream.I know the routine: Get up, work all day, come home and make dinner, and look after the kids (or unwind in front of the TV) and then you fall into bed, exhausted, before you have to do it all again the next day.When the weekend comes, you just want to kick back, take it easy, and put the week behind you. Then Monday comes around and the rat race starts all over again.Soon you can hear yourself making excuses for all the reasons why you didn’t write:â€Å"I was so busy this week I just didn’t have time†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ll do it next week when I’m more organized†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ll start writing when I’m feeling more motivated†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ll get to it once I quit my day job and have more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But as you know by now, there’s never a perfect time.We’re always busy with something.And if we don’t take action when we can, the excuses will keep coming until we run out of time forever.Don’t let your dream die. I’m going to help you get your book done.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereTime for Writing: 8 Steps to Becoming a Weekend Writing Warrior By becoming a weekend writing warrior, you can get it done. I know because I’ve done it. In this post I’ll share with you my 8 step strategy for writing a book on the weekends even if your week is crazy busy.#1 Start With Intentional Planning Habit FormingWhen it comes to getting your writing done, strategy is everything. Without a plan, you drift; and when you drift, you end up back where you started, wasting more time while procrastinating.The key to writing a book on your weekends is to get plan out how you will use your writing time and develop a writing habit. If you know ahead of time what you’ll be focusing on, where you’ll be writing and for how long, when it comes time to start writing, you’ll show up ready for keyboard action. Our intentional planning model should consist of:Researching topics, articles, and interviewsChapter mind mappingCrafting an outline A good craftsman always shows up to create with his best tools. As writers, we need to spend time preparing to write before showing up at the keyboard. You want to do any necessary research outside of your writing time, not during it.Stopping just to check that â€Å"one thing† breaks your writing flow (and often sends you off into the wilds of the internet , never to return).During my writing sessions, if I get stuck and need to check on something, I’ll make a note in the paragraph like CBL [Come Back Later].You can set up your chapters as well by doing brief mind maps for each. If you have crafted your book’s outline already, this should be easy. Take a few minutes each day during the week to do a quick outline for each chapter.You don’t have to write anything until the weekend, but at the very least, make some notes about what you’re going to write when the weekend comes so you’re prepared.#2 Setting Up Your Writing Space Your writing environment has a huge influence on how your writing sessions flow. Will you write in a coffee shop? A quiet room? Under the stairs?Locked in a closet with just your laptop and a light bulb? Wherever you choose to write, it should be at least comfortable and a place you can stay focused for long periods of time.My writing space consists of my computer, motivational q uotes, and mind maps for my books.Heres a table detailing what a good writing space looks like.How to Start Writing TipExecutionMinimize Distractions- isolate yourself from family/friends/even the family dog - remind everyone it's YOUR time - Turn your phone off - Close ALL web browsers - Close your emailGet Comfortable- invest in a GOOD chair - or resort to using a stand-up desk for more energy - fill the area with motivational quotes - make sure you're physically comfortable for the next 30 minutes or an hourChoose Beneficial Background Noise- turn off all sounds if it distracts you - turn on lyric-less music to help you concentrate - choose energizing music to help you focusDecorating your writing space adds to inspiration, but also serves as a reminder: This is where you write. Make it a place that you can enjoy creating in. But does it have to be just the one place? Of course not. You can change writing locations and have two or three designated spots.I would recommend having a primary spot you write in consistently, but have another place set up that you can get to just in case you need to change locations. Try out several places and see what works best.Take note of how you feel working in your creative element.Is it comfortable?Are you comfortable?Is it an energetic spot or, do you feel irritated and restless?Do you work better in a place that’s quiet [private room] or super noisy [Starbucks]?On days when I spend all day writing, I’ll break it up into two different locales: one is my writing room, and the other is a coffee shop. If the noise is a problem, I’ll wear headphones and tune out everything with some mellow writing music.#3 Keep Your Mindmap and Book Outline HandyI have shown up many times to write only to realize I had no plan for what I was writing. This leads to procrastination and then I look for something else to occupy my time.Know what you are going to write by planning beforehand. Developing your mind map or a book outline is the surest way to start cutting into the pages. Before you become a weekend writer, you’ll need your mind map and outline.If you start writing without having done these important steps first, you’ll eventually end up stuck. Make sure you have your book fully mind mapped and a general working book outline.Use your outline as a checklist to get your words down on paper with purpose. Each of your writing block sessions should have a clear purpose as to what you are going to write.#4 Eliminate Internet Distractions Excuses One of the biggest obstacles writers face is being pulled out of their â€Å"writing zone† by message indicators, vibrations, pop-ups, and a whole list of writing excuses.This includes notifications that â€Å"you’ve got email† or, better yet, someone that you don’t even know has just liked one of your comments on Facebook and you feel that need to check it out right away.My advice: unplug yourself from all thing s connected to the Internet. Here is what you do: Option 1: Unplug yourself completely from the internet. Turn off Wi-Fi or physically unplug your network cable. This is the best option to separate yourself from the internet during your writing time. This is the â€Å"zero tolerance† method that I use as my number one choice for getting things done.Option 2: Use productivity apps to eliminate or cut down on time spent checking certain sites. Use an app such as RescueTime to block the sites that distract you by choosing the amount of time you need to focus. RescueTime send you updates via email to let you know how much time was spent on certain websites. This is good to know, because the next time you catch yourself saying â€Å"I didn’t have time to write† but you spent three unproductive hours on a certain site, you can channel this time into your weekend writing schedule.Two more apps I recommend: Cold Turkey and SelfControl [for Mac]. Both apps are designed t o reduce or eliminate wasted time, and this means higher focus and more time targeted for writing words fast. In a nutshell: Sit Down. Unplug. Focus. Write.#5 Establishing a Writing Schedule Time Slots When time is limited, it’s important to be strategic in how you use it. In the previous step, we took action by cutting off our interaction with the Internet during our writing time.The next thing we want to do is decide:How long are your writing sessions going to be? 25 minutes? 40 minutes? One hour?How many writing sessions are you doing today? For example, I’ll do three one-hour sessions in a day. I’ll write for one hour, take a ten-minute break, repeat. During the break, get up and move around, stretch or grab some coffee.How to Set Up Your Writing SessionOne option is to use the Pomodoro Technique.Self-published author Steve Scott, who has written close to 70 books, utilized the Pomodoro Technique to structure his writing time.Set your timer for 25 minutes and write. Take a five-minute break, and repeat. This system works really well and is great for getting focused and writing in short bursts. If you want to go longer, set your timer for sixty minutes. I use the timer on my iPhone.Set it for the time you are committed to writing and GO. You should focus only on your writing during this period.No research, editing, or breaking the writing flow, unless there’s a house fire. Just write.Set a goal for yourself to crank out one thousand words in an hour. These are longer stretches and can be tough for some people so if you are struggling, start with the Pomodoro System and ease your way into doing longer sessions.#6 Set Your Word Count TargetMany people get overwhelmed when they think about writing a book. But if you write 3000 words a day on the weekends, you can be done with the first draft of your book in a month.  All you have to know is how many words will be in your novel and you can work backward from there.If you plan ah ead and set your writing goal at a pace of 800-1200 words per hour, you’ll be done in thirty hours of writing time.This might seem like a lot but think about it: How much time do you spend watching TV in a week?How much time do you spend at the office?How much time do you spend checking email or on social media?It can be done, and you can do this!Set a daily word count targetfor yourself. Be strategic about this and take a rough guess how long your book is going to be. If I know I’m planning to write a 25,000-word novella, if I crank out 6000 words per weekend, I can complete a draft in a month. If your book is shorter or longer, you can adjust to fit your target deadline. You can easily track your word count in Scrivener. You can also use a Google spreadsheet or a simple Excel spreadsheet. By tracking your progress, you have a clear indication of how close you’re getting to your goal.It’s also highly motivating to know you’re making progress.#7 R eward Yourself There’s a famous proverb that says: â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.†I have no idea who Jack was, but I do know that if you spend your entire weekend writing, you’re going to need some RR at the end of it. This is a critical stage.If you spend week after week putting in time at work and then working more on the weekend, even if it is a passion project like writing your novel, you’ll get burned out and feel less inspired when the next weekend comes around. You deserve a break.Do something for yourself. Go to a movie. Take your friends out to dinner. Get away from the manuscript.I usually end the weekend by engaging in some fun activities such as:Watching a movieSpending time with the kidsTaking a long walk or runningTaking a long drive and thinking about future goals and what I accomplished this weekendMeditating or working out#8 Plan Your Next Writing Weekend There’s one more stage after you have wrapped things up a t the end of your writing weekend.This is an important step. Before you pack it up, take ten minutes to draft a quick action plan for the week. This consists of the book research, chapter outlining, and anything else you need to do outside of the book writing process. I do this step Sunday night before bed. Then, when the week starts I know exactly what work on to set myself up for success the following weekend. The alternative to this is to spend five minutes each night writing down what you’ll do the next day.Do you need to outline your next chapter? Tighten up your overall book outline? Reach out to any online influencers about your next book release? This step is part of the intentional planning phase that will keep you focused.So even while you are busy in the week with your other commitments, having a shortlist to refer to makes your mission clear.The weekend is nearly here again. Are you ready? Don’t make excuses- get your book written. You can do this. If you f ollow the 8-step plan, three months from now you can be celebrating the publication of your next book.The next time someone asks you the question: â€Å"How do you find the time to write?† You can now tell them: â€Å"Oh, it’s easy. I write books on the weekends.†What to do NextNow its time to cut the reading and get to learning.If youre ready to write a book and self-publish it, inthenext90days,join your free training!

Southwest Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest Washington - Essay Example It is true; the dams are hydroelectric and are possessed and managed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. These four major dams are of great importance in the area since they produce 3033 Megawatts power energy (Whitesell, 2004). More so, they provide navigation, recreation and aquatic conservation. Rivers include The Snake River which flows through the Snake River valley. It is the largest tributary of Columbia River which empties into the Pacific Ocean runs from known for salmon and other aquatic animals. This river is well known for salmon and other aquatic animals. The natives relied on fish, especially salmon, for food and source of income The southeastern Washington has fertile farmland where wheat is grown. The region also has strong, reliable winds suitable for wind energy. The wind power development has boosted the economic potential in the region; there is a tremendous increase in employment opportunities and other social, economic activities. However, the rate of crime has risen in the region. The effects of pollution are also felt in the ecosystem, that is to say there is a decrease in farm produce the number of salmon has also decreased. I agree that this region is a place to be because of its beautiful physical features and lucrative economic development. Energetic (2009, October 4). Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy.  Lower Monumental Lock and Dam ~ Hydroelectric Energy. Retrieved May 23, 2014,

Genetic Engineering Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic Engineering Process - Essay Example An example is cry 1Ab which is a gene that codes certain insecticidal proteins in bacillius thiurengesis, which is a soil bacterium (University of Nebraska 2013). Agorabacterium tumefaciens is another example. 2. Gene insertion An essential component is plasmids, which are minute, self-replicating, circular DNA strands in the bacterial cells. Plasmids are easy to manipulate since they carry few genes and therefore provides routes for new gene introduction to cells (Wolfe 2013). Plasmids are used as the transfer channels. For agorabacterium tumefaciens, which is also a soil bacterium, genes are inserted using recombinant DNA methods. The bacterium possesses a plasmid (Ti). T DNA segment of the bacterium DNA carry genes that lead to tumour formation when it integrates in the maize DNA. However, manipulation of the genes by inserting new ones causes a disruption that makes the maize resistant to frost diseases and herbicides. Restriction endonuclease cleave the Ti plasmid exposing it to introduction of a foreign DNA from another source cleaved by the same enzyme. The genes are connected to the ends of the plasmids; thereafter ligation enzymes seal the ends and reform a structured DNA circle. The manipulated plasmid is then replaced into the bacterium. Antibiotic resistant marker genes must be included in the plasmids; the essence of the marker gene is to provide identification of cells containing the manipulated plasmids. Polymerase chain reaction takes over at this point, where genes are produced en masse. 3. Transformation Introducing plasmids into the organism of interest is through transformation. A few techniques can be employeds for transformation. However, the general concept involves attachment of A. Tumefasciencs to the organism’s cell, in this context the maize maize cell, and transferring a copy of the modified plasmid into the cell. Other methods of transformation other than use of A. Tumefasciens include particle bombardment and protoplast tran sformation. In particle bombardment, tiny tungsten beads with DNA coating of desired traits are shot into small fragments of maize cells that combine and integrate in to the maizes genome. The disadvantage of this method is that it results in unpredictable and unstable gene expression due to multiple copies of the introduced gene. Protoplasm transformation involves enzyme treatment of cell by stripping cell of their cell walls to form protoplast. Osmotic stress is induced to the protoplast in order to take up DNA in the protoplast’s surrounding (GMO education Network n.d). Inducing osmotic stress is by administering electrical shocks to the protoplast or by chemical treatment using polyethylene glycol. The protoplasts are thereafter regenerated into maizes using hormones. The problem with this method is that it is tedious and challenging. However, protoplasm transformation gives accurate and precise outcomes. 4. Selection of modified cells The selection process involves ident ification of cells that have obtained the manipulated plasmids into their genome. In genetic modified food industry, it is advisable to use the marker less insertion system to avoid the risk of marker gene expression in the maize. Typically, marker less transgenic involves screening numerous progeny

Justifying Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Justifying Vietnam Essay In chapters 3 and 4 of Robert McMahon’s Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War, there are a number of reasons given for the increased American involvement in Vietnam from the late 1940s to the mid 1950s. McMahon includes several documents in these chapters that point to three main reasons used to justify our role in Vietnam. One underlying reason for the early American presence in Vietnam is given in chapter 3, where in McMahon’s first essay Cold War Strategy and U.   S. Intervention he states that, â€Å"†¦the initial U. S. commitment to provide military assistance to the French in the context of broader American Cold War priorities† (McMahon 58). I think this means that we were justified in starting a limited war with the Vietnamese to prevent a war with a superpower such as China or Russia. The Truman administration was â€Å"convinced that Moscow and Beijing had become even more dangerously opportunistic foes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McMahon 67). Vietnam was uniquely placed not far from these Communist countries and with our presence there we could strategically have a military presence closer to that of China and Russia than the United States is. In the Statement of U. S. Policy Toward Indochina, the State Department reviewed that, â€Å"This hatred of the Vietnamese people toward the French is keeping alive anti-western feeling among oriental peoples, to the advantage of the USSR and the detriment of the US† (McMahon 51). Our geographical position in Vietnam and subsequent relationships forged during the Vietnam War with Southeast Asian countries was a major contribution to our victory in the Cold War. The second reason justifying US presence stems from Vietnam’s weak position to fight off potential invading countries. The State Department concluded, â€Å"The countries and areas of Southeast Asia are not at present in a position to form a regional organization for self-defense nor are they capable of defending themselves against military aggressive, without the aid of the great powers† (McMahon 54). The United States had proven its military supremacy in World War II on a global scale. We had won the war and become a superpower overnight. The US was the first country to develop operational nuclear weapons and the only country to have demonstrated their use in war. We soon became the center of helping rebuild the destroyed countries by being a source of funding. All these contributed to the world power position of the United States, and now we were in a position to help countries in need. With that being said, â€Å"The State of Vietnam had a small army of 150,000 led by an inexperienced officer corps that†¦had never been allowed to have any command or staff authority. Industry had been virtually nonexistent†¦and the agricultural base of rice and rubber†¦had been wrecked by explosive landlords who had impoverished much of the peasantry† (McMahon 99). Since Vietnam was not in a state to fight without help, the United States offered our support. The third and most talked about reason discussed in the chapters is our attempt to prevent Communism spreading anywhere else. To start, document 4 conclusions state, â€Å"The whole of Southeast Asia is in danger of falling under Communist domination† (McMahon 54). It had become clear in 1954 that the French were failing to re-colonize Vietnam and without control, it would fall to Communism. The State Department concluded, â€Å"It is important to the United States security interests that all practical measures be taken to prevent further communist expansion of Southeast Asia. Indochina is a key area of Southeast Asia and is under immediate threat† (McMahon 56). In chapter 4, we learn of the domino theory as President Eisenhower explained it in 1954 and this became the most public reason shown in the media for our presence in Vietnam. It describes the fragility of Communism growing throughout the world, especially in Southeast Asia. The analogy explains dominoes set up next to each other and if one falls, the rest will quickly fall as well. This was the position of the United States that if Vietnam fell to Communism, the rest of Southeast Asia and other countries would soon follow including Burma, Thailand, the Peninsula, and Indonesia. In conclusion, the support to enhance our presence in Vietnam was one that was greatly supported in the beginning. The American people at home were afraid of Communism spreading throughout the world which would cause a bigger threat to a domestic attack. In light of the Cold War, Communism was something we were afraid of, and we did what we thought would be an intuitive move to thwart bigger ones from the USSR or China. Since we were in a position to help Vietnam, this was justification for American involvement.

John Dryden :: essays research papers

Research Essay on John Dryden John Dryden was born on an unsure date in 1631 in Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. He was born the oldest of 14 children in a landed family of modest means. His parents sided with the Parliament against he King. There is some question to whether or not he was raised in a strict Puritan environment. His father was a country gentleman of moderate fortune. He was given the opportunity by his father to be educated at Westminster School and at the University of Cambridge. Around 1657 he went to London as a clerk to the chamberlain to the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The death of Cromwell in 1659 inspired Dryden to write his first important poem, Heroic Stanzas. After the Restoration Dryden became a Royalist and celebrated the return of kin Charles II. During the celebration he wrote two more famous poems, Astraea Redux and Panegyric on the Coronation. The rest of his life was then devoted to being loyal to Charles and his successor, James II. In 1663 he became happily married to Lady Eliza beth Howard, a sister of his patron. Until then he had no real source of income. He began writing plays as a source of income. His first attempt failed, but his second attempt The Rival Ladies, a tragic comedy, was a success. During the next 20 years he became an important and well-known dramatist in England. Some of his most famous plays included names like Ladies a la Mode, Mock Astrologer, and An Evening’s Love. Another play that was famously known because it was banned as indecent was Mr. Limberham. This was unusual for this time period for a play to be banned because of it’s indecency because the Restoration was a time of change. He was also a master of writing the heroic rhymed couplets. They were extravagant and full of pageantry. One of his later tragedies, the World Well Lost, was written in blank verse and was considered one of his greatest plays and one of the masterpieces of the Restoration tragedy. Throughout his career he wrote several "occasional poems," which celebrated particular events of a public character, a military victory, a death, or a political crisis. What made these poems he wrote special was the fact that they were written not for the self but for the nation. In 1670 he was appointed poet laureate and royal historiographer.

Brain Drain in Puerto Rico

PUERTO RICO BRAIN DRAIN CRISIS DANIEL VILLAFANE BUSN 5000 WEBSTER UNIVERSITY Abstract Brain drain refers to the large-scale emigration of a large group of talented, skilled and knowledgeable individuals. This situation is also commonly referred to as â€Å"human capital flight. † Globally, some generals factors contribute to this situation. Puerto Rico has his own distinctive factors. Puerto Rico has a special relation, and a unique political status with United States that make it easier for islanders to find an opportunity in the greatest country of the world.A concise timeline will show how and when â€Å"Puerto Rico became an asset to United States. † Remember, in financial accounting, assets are economic resources. Anything tangible or intangible that is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is considered an asset. While Puerto Rico suffer a â€Å"brain drain† of human capital emigrating the hos t country enjoy a â€Å"brain gain. † Timeline of Puerto Rico and United States Relationship since the Spanish-American War 1898 -The Spanish–American War whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico. 1900. The Foraker Act established the governing structure for the island of Puerto Rico. | 1917-The Jones Act granted U. S. citizenship to all residents of Puerto Rico. | 1947- Operation Bootstraps â€Å"Operacion Manos a la Obra† based on an exemption for federal taxes, section 931 of the U. S. Internal Revenue Code. Provided for exemptions of federal taxes for corporation operating in P. R. Puerto Rico entered a period of rapid industrialization and strong economic growth. (Carrion, 2009)| 1952- Proclaimed the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. | 963-Industrial Incentive Act, Section 931, increased the period of exemptions for 17 years. Puerto Rico became an important Center for the petro-chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. (Carrion, 2009)| 1976- Se ction 931 changes to a more financially attractive Section 936. In 1991 corporations accounted for 72 percent of manufacturing jobs in Puerto Rico. (Barbosa, 2010)| 1993-2000 Governor Pedro Rosello and Resident Commissioner Romero Barcelo lobbying in Washington against the Section 936 because they consider it as an obstacle to change the political status for the island and become the 51st State. 1993-President Bill Clinton proposed to eliminate Section 936 periodically during the next ten years. Economy start to decline and corporations stopped investing and start preparing to leave the island. Thousands of employees lost their jobs during this period. | 1994-North America Free Trade Agreement NAFTA makes Mexico and Canada more attractive to corporations. | 2005- Sections 936 and 30A expiration of the tax incentives. | 2006- The commonwealth's population had a steeper loss than any of the 50 states since 2006, according to the Census Bureau. Nasser, 2012)| General factors contributi ng to a brain drain situation globally There are some common denominators that provoke a large group of talented, skilled and knowledgeable individuals to emigrate. Some of these situations are well known as causes of Brain Drain. Many times high scholastic scores are recruited to study abroad. Upon concluding their studies, these individuals stay in the countries where they were educated. In several occasions individuals emigrate because the income is substantially higher.Countries like United States and others well developed nations offer a great diversity of careers and major possibilities of advancement. Last but not least, there is another driving factor know as the standards of living. Factors contributing to a brain drain in Puerto Rico Several factors identify causes of this emigration in Puerto Rico. First, the University of Puerto Rico’s excellent programs of engineering, science and nursing. Recruiters for companies such as Boeing and Disney, NASA and other U. S. g overnment agencies, school districts and hospitals from Texas to Florida flock to career fairs. Add that these students are bilingual; do not need a passport, visa or government permission to work stateside, and it's clear why they're a hot commodity, even in a down economy† (Nasser, 2012). Second, unemployment is still above 14%, compared with 8. 3% nationally (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , 2013). Third, more than 20% of Hispanics in Puerto Rico have a bachelor's degree. â€Å"When you go to a job fair (in Puerto Rico), there are thousands of candidates† (Nasser, 2012). Finally, it is a reality that young people and families are leaving primarily for jobs, but also and sadly to get away from a spike in crime.Negative effects This crisis is bringing some negatives effects in the short run as well as in the long run. Puerto Rico’s median age will much older, as young people are leaving. This human capital flying situation also means that the best and brightes t of your country are building someone else's society. Confusion and skepticism are created when political leaders doubt the reliability of their own citizens and become frightened when valuable workers and capital fleas their country in huge numbers.Eventually this country, Puerto Rico in this case, could lose all of its inner strength due to scarcity of skilled domestic workforce. An a multiplier effect Multi National companies probably will avoid coming to Puerto Rico due to lack of capable workforce. It also put detrimental impact on the development of basic infrastructure. People in the affected country suffer due to unavailability of doctors and engineers. â€Å"Basically, brain drain makes a county hollow from inside and it is curse for developing nations† (The Gemini Geek, 2013). Brain gainThe brain drain that can causes damages to the economy ad future of one country could be the gold opportunity to another host country to flourish. This phenomenon is known as brain gain and is considered for many as a key time for a few cities to get ahead (Dimick, 2012). According to an article in the Smart City Web Newspaper one of the city with more benefits for this brain gain is San Antonio, Texas. Unlike much of the rest of the country, San Antonio is rapidly gaining 25-plus-year-olds with college educations and it is happening fast.The change began in 2008; prior to then, when looking at top metros for attracting college-educated talent, San Antonio was nowhere to be found. Of the top 100 metros in the U. S. , San Antonio ranks as number six in brain gain – those over the age of 25 with a bachelor’s degree or advanced degree who have moved to the city. To realize the full potential of a talent economy, as Pittsburgh has done, San Antonio will need to produce talent. It shows you how important our universities are and how the decades ahead are so important to rise to even greater promise. SCM, RSS 2013) These â€Å"stolen† minds have flourished and become some of the most successful people in America: 1. Judge Sonia Sotomayor is the first Latina to sit on the United States Supreme Court. 2. Dr. Antonia Coello Novello is a pediatrician who served as the 14th Surgeon General of the United States from 1990 to 1993. 3. Dr. Edwin Muniz M. D. , Ph. D. and Ed. D. , was the first person of Hispanic heritage to be named Aerospace Physiologist in the United States Air Force and NASA. 4. Angel Rivero Mendez (1856–1930) was a soldier and businessman who is credited with inventing the â€Å"Kola Champagne† a soft drink. . Joseph Michael â€Å"Joe† Acaba is a teacher, hydrogeologist, and the first Puerto Rican NASA astronaut. 6. Pierre Omidyar of France founded Ebay 7. Sergey Brin of Russia co-founded Google. 8. Jerry Yang of Taiwan co-founded Yahoo. FACTS From 2005-2012 more than 400,000 people from Puerto Rico left for the U. S. During the same time, just over 160,000 people came to Puerto Rico from th e U. S. Finally, the people who left Puerto Rico had higher levels of education than the people who came back = brain drain.The completely opposite is happening in San Antonio according to the following extract from the report The Brain Gain: The Rise of San Antonio’s Talent Economy, Smart City Memphis (2013). the same situation in San Antonio. The trend of return migration began in the suburban rings around cities. As parents did well in their two-degree households, they sent their children away to the best college they could get into. Once they finished school, the children left for big cities like Chicago and New York and these children of educated homes didn’t just go to big cities, they excelled. At some point, perhaps for family issues or a desire to start a family, these people came home,† observed Russell. â€Å"I’m seeing this trend explode across the United States and there’s a major migration shift going on. † When they move back, they don’t move back to the suburbs, they have acquired a taste while away for urban neighborhoods. When they come back to San Antonio, shared Russell, they seek out the neighborhoods that remind them of D. C. or Brooklyn. (SCM, RSS 2013) Achieving equality through a higher education should be the goal of every vanguardist government.References Barbosa, P. M. (2010, 06 15). Pedro M. Rosario Barbosa's Blog. Retrieved from Quien Asesino la Seccion 936? â€Å"Who Killed Section 936? : http://pmrb. net/blog Carrion, M. E. (2009, 01 07). Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. Retrieved from Operation Bootstrap: http://www. enciclopediapr. org Dimick, I. (2012, 11 16). UTSA Alumni Association. Retrieved from The Key to Continued Brain Gain: Specialized Higher Education: http://therivardreport. com Nasser, H. E. (2012, 3 11). Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs. Retrieved from USA TODAY/News: http://usatoday30. satoday. com Smith, C. (2013). Brain Drain Crisis. San Juan, Puerto Ri co: El Nuevo Dia. Staff, C. O. (2012, March 12). caribbeanbusinesspr. com. Retrieved from Caribbean Business: http://www. caribbeanbusinesspr. com The Gemini Geek. (2013). What are effects of Brain Drain for a country? Retrieved from The Gemini Geek. Geek redefined: http://www. thegeminigeek. com U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . (2013). States Unemployment Rates. Retrieved from Puerto Rico Unemployment Rates: http://www. unemployment-rate. org/states/unemployment_rate/Puerto_Rico